Programmable spectral source and design tool for 3D imaging using complementary bandpass filters

ABSTRACT

An endoscopic illumination system for illuminating a subject for stereoscopic image capture, the illumination system includes a light source which outputs multi-spectral light; first and second light paths configured to transmit the multi-spectral light; and a digital mirror array (DMA) which receives the multi-spectral light and directs the multi-spectral light to a selected one of the first and second light paths. A controller controls the DMA to direct the multi-spectral light to the selected light path in accordance with a time-multiplexing scheme; and/or first and second complementary multiband bandpass filters (CMBF). The first CMBF may be situated in the first light path and the second CMBF may be situated in the second light path, where the first and second CMBFs filter the multi-spectral light incident thereupon to output filtered light.

This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/539,808 filed Sep. 27, 2011, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The invention described herein was made in the performance of work undera NASA contract, and is subject to the provisions of Public Law 96-517(35 USC 202) in which the Contractor has elected to retain title.

Further, each of the following patents or patent applications isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety:

(1) U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,119 B2, to Shahinian, entitled “RemoteManipulator with Eyeballs,” filed on Apr. 25, 2006 and issued on Oct.13, 2009;

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0187072 A1 to Manohara, etal., entitled “Endoscope and System and Method of Operation thereof,”filed on Dec. 18, 2008, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,323,182 on Dec. 4,2012;

(3) U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0115882 A1, toShahinian, et al., entitled “Stereo Imaging Miniature Endoscope withSingle Imaging Chip and Conjugated Multi-Bandpass Filters,” filed onNov. 15, 2010; and

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/628,896 filed on Sep. 27, 2012, andpublished as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0088361, toShahinian, et al., claiming priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/539,842 filed on Sep. 27, 2011, entitled“Multi-Angle Rear-Viewing Endoscope and Method of Operation Thereof.”

The present system relates generally to an illumination system formedical imaging systems and, more particularly, to an illuminationsystem for endoscopes capable of capturing stereoscopic images, and amethod of operation thereof.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) includes surgical and other procedureswhich are typically less invasive than traditional open procedures suchas, for example, conventional open surgery. A MIS procedure usuallyinvolves the manipulation of one or more endoscopic devices that can beinserted through an opening or incision and an endoscope or the like toobserve a surgical area (or field). Unfortunately, conventionaltwo-dimensional endoscopic viewing systems do not convey depthinformation of a surgical volume of interest (VOI) which may be providedby stereoscopic endoscopic (i.e., 3D) viewing systems. Accordingly, toenhance a depth-of-field of captured images of a surgical VOI, surgeonsmay rely upon stereoscopic endoscope imaging systems. However,conventional stereoscopic endoscopic viewing systems require bulkyoptical switching elements and are unsuitable use in small-diameterendoscopes such as scopes having an outer diameter of about 5 mm orless. Further, conventional techniques to produce stereoscopic imagesare unreliable, and difficult and costly to operate. Accordingly, thepresent system provides a novel, reliable, easy to operate, andinexpensive stereoscopic imaging system.

Embodiments of the present system, device(s), method, user interface,computer program, etc., (hereinafter each of which will be referred toas system unless the context indicates otherwise) described hereinaddress problems in prior art systems. In accordance with embodiments ofthe present system, disclosed are systems and methods for to illuminatea subject (e.g., a volume of interest, a patient, a surgical zone, asurgical area, an area of interest, etc.) for capturing and viewing of2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic images.

In accordance with an aspect of the present system, there is disclosedan endoscopic illumination system for illuminating a subject forstereoscopic image capture, the illumination system comprising: a lightsource which outputs multi-spectral light; first and second light pathsconfigured to transmit the multi-spectral light; a digital mirror arrayand/or device (DMA/DMD) which receives the multi-spectral light anddirects the multi-spectral light to a selected one of the first andsecond light paths; a controller which controls the DMA to direct themulti-spectral light to the selected light path in accordance with atime-multiplexing scheme; and/or first and second complementarymultiband bandpass filters (CMBF), the first CMBF situated in the firstlight path and the second CMBF situated in the second light path,wherein the first and second CMBFs filter the multi-spectral lightincident thereupon to output filtered light.

The system may include an optics portion which may receive themulti-spectral light from the DMA and collimates the multi-spectrallight which is to be incident on the selected first or second CMBFs. Thesystem may further include transport optics which integrates thefiltered light from the selected first or second CMBFs and transmits thefiltered light along a third light path to illuminate the subject.Moreover, the system may include a camera which may capture video imagesof the subject and may generate corresponding video information and asynchronization signal, the video information including a plurality ofleft and right image frame information. Further, the system may includea synchronizer which determines a delay interval Δt in accordance withthe plurality of left and right image frame information and generates atrigger signal in accordance with the synchronization signal and thedelay interval Δt for each of the left and right image frames. Moreover,the DMA may control timing of illumination to the selected one of thefirst or second light paths in accordance with the trigger signal.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present system, there isdisclosed an endoscopic illumination method for illuminating a subjectfor stereoscopic image capture, the illumination method may becontrolled by a controller having one or more processors, theillumination method comprising acts of: outputting, by a light source,multi-spectral light; selectively passing, using a digital mirror array(DMA), the multi-spectral light to a selected one of first and secondlight paths in accordance with a time-multiplexing scheme, the firstlight path having a first complementary multiband bandpass filter (CMBF)and the second light path having a second CMBF; filtering, by theselected first or second CMBF, the multi-spectral light incident thereonand outputting filtered light; and/or illuminating the subject using thefiltered light.

It is also envisioned that the method may include acts of receiving themulti-spectral light passed by the DMA; and collimating themulti-spectral light which is to be incident on the selected first orsecond CMBFs of the optics portion. Further, the method may include theact of integrating the filtered light from the selected first or secondCMBFs; and transmitting the filtered light along a third light path toilluminate the subject. It is also envisioned that the method mayinclude acts of: capturing video images of the subject; and generatingcorresponding video information and a synchronization signal, the videoinformation including a plurality of left and right image frameinformation, the synchronization signal corresponding to a start time ofan act of capturing a left or a right image frame. Further, the methodmay include acts of determining a delay interval Δt in accordance withthe plurality of left and right image frame information; and generatinga trigger signal in accordance with the synchronization signal and thedelay interval Δt for each of the left and right image frames.

It is also envisioned that the method may include an act of controllingtiming of illumination to the selected one of the first or second lightpaths in accordance with the trigger signal.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present system, there isdisclosed a computer program stored on a computer readable memorymedium, the computer program configured to control illumination of asubject for stereoscopic image capture, the computer program comprising:a program portion configured to: output, by a light source,multi-spectral light; selectively pass, using a digital mirror array(DMA), the multi-spectral light to a selected one of first and secondlight paths in accordance with a time-multiplexing scheme, the firstlight path having a first complementary multiband bandpass filter (CMBF)and the second light path having a second CMBF; filter, by the selectedfirst or second CMBF, the multi-spectral light incident thereon andoutputting filtered light; and illuminate the subject using the filteredlight.

It is also envisioned that program portion may be configured to: receivethe multi-spectral light passed by the DMA; and/or collimate themulti-spectral light which is to be incident on the selected first orsecond CMBFs of the optics portion. Further, the program portion may befurther configured to: integrate the filtered light from the selectedfirst or second CMBFs; and transmit the filtered light along a thirdlight path to illuminate the subject. It is also envisioned that theprogram portion may be configured to: capture video images of thesubject; and generate corresponding video information and asynchronization signal, the video information including a plurality ofleft and right image frame information, the synchronization signalcorresponding to a start time of an act of capturing a left or a rightimage frame. Moreover, the program portion may be further configured to:determine a delay interval Δt in accordance with the plurality of leftand right image frame information; and generate a trigger signal inaccordance with the synchronization signal and the delay interval Δt foreach of the left and right image frames. It is also envisioned that theprogram portion may be further configured to control timing ofillumination to the selected one of the first or second light paths inaccordance with the trigger signal.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present system, there isdisclosed an endoscopic illumination system for illuminating a subjectfor stereoscopic image capture, the illumination system comprising: alight source which outputs multi-spectral light; a dispersive opticalelement which spatially separates wavelengths of the multi-spectrallight; a digital mirror array (DMA) which receives the spatiallyseparated wavelengths and passes the selected wavelengths of thespatially separated wavelengths to a light path; and/or a controllerwhich controls the DMA to pass the selected wavelengths in accordancewith a time-multiplexing scheme. Further, the dispersive optical elementmay include a prism or a grating.

The invention is explained in further detail, and by way of example,with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a portion of an endoscopic system(hereinafter system for the sake of clarity) according to embodiments ofthe present system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a portion of an endoscopic system(hereinafter system for the sake of clarity) according to embodiments ofthe present system;

FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of a portion of an endoscopic system(hereinafter system for the sake of clarity) using a filterless methodaccording to embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 4A is a front view of the CMBF pair in accordance with embodimentsof the present system;

FIG. 4B is a front view of another CMBF pair in accordance withembodiments of the present system;

FIG. 4C illustrates a CMBF pair having N CMBFs in accordance with yetanother embodiment of the present system;

FIG. 4D is a spectral plot of light transmission by an idealcomplementary triple-band bandpass CMBF in accordance with embodimentsof the present system;

FIG. 5A is a graph illustrating synchronized output of the first andsecond CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2, respectively, in time in accordance withembodiments of the present system;

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating unsynchronized output of the first andsecond CMBFs, respectively, in time in accordance with embodiments ofthe present system;

FIG. 5C is a screenshot illustrating a frame captured by the cameraduring unsynchronized operation;

FIG. 5D is a screenshot illustrating a frame captured by the cameraduring synchronized operation;

FIG. 6A is a graph of frames of the video output signal in time inaccordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 6B is a graph illustrating the half data rate fill technique inaccordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 6C is a graph illustrating the half data rate fill technique inaccordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 6D is a graph 600D illustrating the interpolation technique inaccordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 7 is a graph of a correction matrix in accordance with embodimentsof the present system;

FIG. 8 includes graphs which illustrate an application of a BradfordMatrix in accordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 9 shows a graph illustrating error reduction after Bradfordcorrection in accordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 10 shows a graph of a histogram of error of left filters withoutchromatic adaptation in accordance with embodiments of the presentsystem;

FIGS. 11A-C show graphs of spectral curves for error correction inaccordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 12 shows graphs illustrating an error correction method inaccordance with embodiments of the present system;

FIG. 13 shows a schematic flow diagram 1300 of an available imagecapture pipeline system that may be used to capture 3D images using theillumination systems of the present embodiments; and

FIG. 14 shows a portion of a system (e.g., peer, server, etc.) inaccordance with an embodiment of the present system.

The following description of certain exemplary embodiments is merelyexemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention orits applications or uses. In the following detailed description ofembodiments of the present systems and methods, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which are shownby way of illustration specific embodiments in which the describedsystems and methods may be practiced. These embodiments are described insufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice thepresently disclosed systems and methods, and it is to be understood thatother embodiments may be utilized and that structural and logicalchanges may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent system.

The following detailed description is therefore not to be taken in alimiting sense, and the scope of the present system is defined only bythe appended claims. The leading digit(s) of the reference numbers inthe figures herein typically correspond to the figure number. Moreover,for the purpose of clarity, detailed descriptions of certain featureswill not be discussed when they would be apparent to those with skill inthe art so as not to obscure the description of the present system.

Two methods using similar digital mirror array (DMA) technology will bedescribed below. The first of these methods shown and described withreference to FIGS. 1 and 2 is a filter-based method which uses a spatialpattern generated by a DMA to selectively illuminate different parts ofillumination complementary bandpass filters (CMBFs) of a CMBF pairmatched to transmission of CMBF pair in the camera, also referred to aspupil CMBF pair. In particular, the illumination is identical to thepupil CMBF pair having identical complementary passbands shown in FIG.4D, and further described in U.S. Patent Application Publication2011/0115882 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0088361filed on Sep. 27, 2012, and claiming priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/539,842. The second method is referred to as afilterless method which uses a dispersive optical element such as aprism, grating, etc. to separate the wavelengths of an input lightsource spatially. Then a DMA selectively passes or rejects theseseparate wavelengths based on the on/off state of a mirror of the DMA.

Regardless of method used, computational methods (e.g., digital signalprocessing (DSP)), etc., may be performed on generated signalinformation (e.g., video out, and sync as will be discussed below) usingany suitable mathematical modeling methods and/or numerical analysismethods such as may be provided by Matlab™. For example, DSP may beperformed using standard Matlab™ DSP libraries, etc.

1. Filter Based Methods

A schematic flow diagram of a portion of an endoscopic system 100(hereinafter system for the sake of clarity) according to embodiments ofthe present system is shown in FIG. 1. The system 100 includes one ormore of an illumination portion 101, a CMBF pair 110, an integrator 112,a light guide 114, an image capture device such as a camera 125, aprocessing portion 118, a controller 122, a memory 130, and a userinterface (UI) 120.

The CMBF pair 110 is also referred to an illumination CMBF pair (i.e.,right and left CMBFs 110-1, 110-2) which is matched or identical to apupil CMBF pair 110-3, 110-4 that receives light provided through theillumination CMBF pair and reflected from the subject or object ofinterest 116 for selective sequential passage by the pupil CMBF pair ofright and left images toward detector optics and a detector or camera125 having a single focal plane array (e.g., CMOS or CCD) for obtainingstereoscopic 3-D images, where the detector optics including the pupilCMBF pair and the detector or camera 125 are included in a smallhousing, such as a cylindrical housing having a diameter of 3 mm-5 mm.The detector optics comprises a detection lens system that includes adetection lens 113 having one un-partitioned section that covers boththe right pupil CMBF 110-3 and a left pupil CMBF 110-4, for directingand/or focusing light passing through the pupil CMBFs 110-3, 110-4 ontothe camera 125, such as described in U.S. 2011/0115882, and U.S.2014/0088361, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/539,842. For example, the detection lens systemincludes optical lenses and elements that are serially connected back toback sharing a central axis and having a same diameter, such as slightlyless than 4 mm, so at to fit within a 4 mm outer housing of an imagecapture device including the camera 125 and the detection lens system.The outer diameter of the housing may be in the range of 2-4 mm, forexample. Further, for example, both the illumination CMBF pair 110-1,110-2 and the pupil CMBF pair 110-3, 110-4 have 3 right passbands 501-1and 3 left passbands 501-2, as shown in FIG. 4D.

The controller 122 may control the overall operation of the system 100and may include one or more processors such as microprocessors and/orother logic devices which may be locally or remotely situated relativeto each other. Further, the controller 122 may communicate via a networksuch as the network 132 which may include, for example, a local areanetwork (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a system bus, the Internet, anintranet, a proprietary network, a wireless network, a telephonicnetwork (e.g., 3G, 4G, etc.), etc. and may send and/or receiveinformation from, for example, distributed portions of the system suchas processors, storage locations, user interfaces (UIs), etc.

The CMBF pair 110 includes first and second CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2(generally 110-x), respectively, as will be discussed below.

The UI 120 may include a display 121 which may render information suchas image information received from the processing portion 118.Additionally, the display 121 may render other information such asapplications, content, menus, time, operating parameters, etc., as maybe typical of a medical imaging system, for the convenience of the user.Further, the UI 120 may include user input devices such as a joystick123, a keyboard KB, a mouse, etc., for input of commands and/or otherinformation by a user.

The illumination portion 101 may include one or more of a light source102, a DMA 104, and an optical portion 106. For example, theillumination portion 101 may include a Texas Instruments™LightCommander™ lightsource including a light emitting diode (LED) typelamps. However, the embodiments of the present system are alsocompatible with other light sources such as xenon lamps that providewhite light and are used in the medical community.

Generally, the illumination portion 101 illuminates selected CMBF 110-x(i.e., either the right CMBF 110-1 or the left CMBF 110-2, one at atime, or sequentially) of the CMBF pair with multi-spectral light usinga time multiplexing scheme as will be discussed below. Further, theillumination output and/or spectrum may be controlled. In the presentsystem, the CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2 of the CMBF pair are situated side byside on a substrate as will be discussed below with reference to FIG.4A. Thus, the illumination portion 101 may selectively select an area toilluminate of a plurality of areas as will be discussed below. Theselected area will include only a single CMBF 110-1 and 110-2 of theCMBF pair 110.

The light source 102 may, for example, include a broadband light sourcesuch as a xenon light source which may output multi-spectral light suchas broadband light. However, in yet other embodiments, the light source102 include a plurality of light emitting diodes (LED) such as red,green and blue LEDs, the combination of which may output multi-spectrallight such as white light. However, in yet other embodiments, it isenvisioned that other light sources may be used. However, regardless oflight source type, a lighting spectrum output by the light sourcesshould correspond with or include passbands (such as shown in FIG. 4D)of the CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2 of the CMBF pair 110. For example, if theCMBF pair 110 only passes red, green, and blue spectrums, then the lightsource should at least supply illumination in these spectrums. However,in yet other embodiments, it is envisioned that the light source maysupply other spectrums. The light source 102 may include one or morelenses to focus (and/or otherwise control light) emitted light which isreceived by the DMA 104.

The DMA 104 is configured to selectively pass the light received fromthe illumination portion 101 to selected CMBFs 110-1 or 110-2 of theCMBF pair 110 in the present embodiment using a time multiplexing schemeunder the control of the controller 122. The timing of the DMA 104 maybe controlled using, for example, a trigger signal Trig. Accordingly,after receiving the trigger signal Trig, the DMA 104 may be operative totransfer light from the illumination portion 101 to the selected CMBF110-1 or 110-2. The trigger signal Trig may be generated in accordancewith one or more a feedback signals such as a Vsync and a video signalvideo out which may be processed to determine timing of the triggersignal Trig. As the trigger signal Trig may be constantly transmittedfor each captured video frame in real time, it may include a pulse trainwhose timing may be controlled by the system, such as the controller122. As each of the CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2 may be situated incorresponding light path 111-1 and 111-2, respectively, of a pluralityof light paths 111-x, the DMA 104 may selectively pass the lightreceived from the illumination portion 101 to selected light path 111-1or 111-2 of a plurality of the light paths 111-x (via, for example, anoptics portion 106) in accordance with a time-multiplexing scheme. Oncelight is passed to the selected light path 111-x, it will be incidentupon and filtered by the corresponding CMBF 110-x. Thus, lightselectively directed by the DMA 104 to the first light path 111-1 willsubstantially only be incident upon the first CMBF 110-1 of theplurality of CMBFs 110-x. Likewise, in a next time frame, lightselectively directed by the DMA 104 to the second light path 111-2 willsubstantially only be incident upon the second CMBF 110-2 of theplurality of CMBFs 110-x.

The optical portion 106 may include one or more lenses and may beconfigured to direct, e.g., collimate and/or focus, light received fromthe DMA 104 and which is to be incident upon the selected CMBF 110-1 or110-2. Accordingly, the optical portion 106 may include one or morelenses or lens arrays such as a first lens array 124 and a second lensarray 126. The first lens array 124 may collimate light received fromthe DMA 104 and the second lens array 126 may direct and/or focus thecollimated light to the selected light paths 111-x and be incident uponthe corresponding CMBF 110-x, one at a time or sequentially.Accordingly, the DMA is reimaged via the one or more lenses onto theCMBF and thus allows color toggling of the Left/Right CMBFs 110-1 or110-2.

For example, a right light provided by the light source and DMA passesthrough the right illumination CMBF 110-1 to illuminate the object orvolume of interest, reflect therefrom towards capture optics passingthrough a right pupil CMBF 110-3 for focus on an entire focal planearray of a detector to form a right image. Next, a left light providedby the light source and DMA passes through the left illumination CMBF110-2 to illuminate the object or volume of interest, reflect therefromtowards capture optics passing through a left pupil CMBF 110-4 for focuson an entire focal plane array of a detector to form a left image. Theright and left images are then processed to form a 3-D stereoscopicimage of the volume of interest that provides depth information andperception, for display on a rendering device such as the display 121 orany other display, such as a heads-up display, etc.

In some embodiments, the first and second lens arrays 124 and 126,respectively, may be commercially available digital single lens reflex(DSLR) type lenses such as Nikon™ AF Nikkor 50 mm f/1.8 D lenses whichare configured such that the object side (e.g., lens filter side) of thelenses are adjacent to each other. Further, the optical portion 106 maybe operative to collimate light which is to be incident upon the eitherof the CMBFs 110-x such that it has an normal angle of incidence (NAOI)which is less than a threshold value (e.g., at most 23-25 degrees).However, other threshold values are also envisioned.

Each of the light paths 111-x may include one or more optical elementssuch as a corresponding CMBF 110-x. With regard to the CMBFs 110-x, eachCMBF 110-x may be configured to transmit as much RGB-spectralinformation as possible for rendering a color image suitable for anintended use. Accordingly, each of the CMBFs 110-x should have thegreatest number of passbands as possible, where only 3 are shown in FIG.4D for simplicity.

However, the staggered passbands provides for each viewpoint to skipsome regions in the RGB band. As a result, the two viewpoints takedifferent spectral images thus render two different color imagesrelative to each other. The raw color image from each viewpoint includesred and blue color tones. However, a difference in the color tone fromeach viewpoint is a product of light filtering by the corresponding CMBF110-x. This difference in color tone may be narrowed by including asmany complementary passbands in each CMBF of a CMBF pair. Additionally,the difference in color tone may be narrowed further by applying aChromatic Adaptation Transform (CAT) to provide color correction.

The colors imaged through the CMBFs may appear different from theobjective colors. Two methods may be used to correct the colors. Onemethod is using the CAT. For example, while human vision can perceive awhite color as white under any light condition including incandescent orsunlight, a camera images the white color differently under differentlight condition. For example, under yellow light condition, a cameraimages the white color as yellow. But, CAT is applied to change theyellow light to white if the spectrum of the yellow light is known. CATmethod may be used for color correction in the present camera imagingunder CMBF filtered light conditions.

Additionally or alternately, colors can be corrected to appear close tothe objective colors by digital imaging processing operations (DIP)performed by the image processing portion 118, e.g., by finding atransformation matrix, which transforms wrongly placed color coordinatesto correct coordinates in a color space. To find the transformationmatrix, DIP assigns coordinates to the CMBF-filtered and unfilteredcolors and put them in matrices. Then, DIP equates the two and inversesthe CMBF matrix and multiplies the CMBF matrix on both the side. Thisprocess yields a transformation matrix. Next, the transformation matrixapplies to the colors imaged through the CMBFs to correct the colors.

Each CMBF 110-x of the CMBF pair 110 may be separate from each other orformed integrally with each other. For example, in some embodiments, theCMBFs 110-x may be formed on a common substrate using, for example, astereo-lithography technique so as to form an integrated CMBF pair 110.However, in yet other embodiments, the CMBFs 110-x may be separate fromeach other and located adjacent to each other or located separately fromeach other. Thus, a CMBF pair may be distributed. In yet otherembodiments, the CMBFs 110-x may be adjacent to each other, and attachedto a common element, such as formed on a lens by coating is with up to100 layers of material to form an interference type filter with sharpedges. This is illustrated with reference to FIG. 4A which is a frontview of the CMBF pair 110 in accordance with embodiments of the presentsystem. The first and second CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2 are adjacent to eachother and exclusively occupy corresponding areas on the CMBF pair 110.The shape and size of these areas may include, for example, half-circlesas shown. In yet other embodiments, other shapes and/or sizes of theseareas is also envisioned.

FIG. 4B is a front view of another CMBF pair 410B in accordance withembodiments of the present system. The CMBF pair 410B is similar to theCMBF pair 110 and includes first and second CMBFs 410B-1 and 410B-2which may be correspondingly similar to the first and second CMBFs 410-1and 410-2, respectively, in operation. However, unlike the first andsecond CMBFs 410-1 and 410-2, respectively, the first and second CMBFs410B-1 and 410B-2, respectively, have a circular shape, where the twocircle by touch or be separated from each other by any desired distance.

In yet other embodiments further numbers of CMBFs may be formed on asingle substrate. For example, FIG. 4C illustrates a CMBF pair 410Chaving N CMBFs in accordance with yet another embodiment of the presentsystem. Where, N is an integer greater than 2. The CMBF pair 410Cincludes N CMBFs 410C-1 through 410C-N each of which occupies anexclusive area and has complementary passbands.

FIG. 4D is a spectral plot 400D of light transmission by an idealcomplementary triple-band bandpass CMBF in accordance with embodimentsof the present system. The CMBF may include two CMBF filters such asfirst and second CMBF filters 410C-1 and 410C-2, respectively, which arerespectively similar to the first and second CMBF filters 110-1 and110-2, respectively, of the CMBF pair 110. Light bands passed areexclusive to each filter (e.g., 510-1 and 510-2) of a plurality offilters.

Referring back to FIG. 1, filtered light from the first and/or secondCMBFs 110-1 and 110-2, respectively, is then transmitted sequentially orone at a time to the integrator 112 for transmission through to asubject 116 (e.g., an volume of interest (V01), etc. as may be typicalfor an endoscopic use, etc.) via, for example, a light guide 114. Lightfrom only one of the first or second CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2,respectively, at a time is transmitted in a time-multiplexed manner.Thereafter, the camera 125 may capture images of the subject andtransmit a corresponding image stream as a video output signal (e.g.,including a plurality of frames each including image information) to theimage processing portion 118 as video information for furtherprocessing. Further, the camera 125 may generate and transmit an outputpulse such as a synchronization signal VSYNC which signals a beginningof a frame capture by the camera 125. As the frame capture iscontinuously preformed in time, the synchronization signal Vsynccomprises a signal pulse train with each pulse corresponding with thebeginning of a frame capture. The camera may include a buffer memory tostore video output signals before transmission. The camera may includeoptics as well as the pupil CMBF pair 110-3, 110-4 which is identical tothe illumination CMBF pair 110-1 and 110-2, as described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2011/0115882 and U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2014/0088361, claiming priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/539,842.

The image processing portion 118 may receive the Vsync signal and/orvideo information from the camera 125 for further processing. Forexample, the image processing portion 118 may include one or moreprocessors or other logic devices which may process the videoinformation (e.g., video out) from the camera 125 (e.g., using anysuitable image processing technique and/or applications which may, forexample, use digital signal processing (DSP) methods, etc.), andthereafter form corresponding image information. This image informationmay then be rendered on a UI of the system such as the UI 120, and/orthe image information stored in a memory of the system such as thememory 130. The system may employ commercially available signalprocessing methods to process the image information using, for example,Matlab™ signal processing libraries or the like. Then, the imageinformation may be analyzed to determine proper signal timing (e.g., acorrect signal delay time Δt). However, other methods to determinesignal timing are also envisioned.

Further, the image processing portion 118 may determine a correct signaldelay time Δt and output a trigger signal Vsync+Δt. The trigger signalVsync+Δt may then be transmitted to one or more of the controller 122,the source, and/or the DMA 104 and may be used by the DMA 104 tocorrectly time illumination of the selected CMBF 110-x. The timing ofexposure of the CMBFs 110-x is more clearly illustrated with referenceto FIG. 5A which is a graph 500A illustrating synchronized output of thefirst and second CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2, respectively, in time inaccordance with embodiments of the present system. The first and secondCMBFs 110-1 and 110-2, respectively, mutually output illumination in thetime domain as shown. The camera's 125 exposure is synchronized to theillumination of the CMBFs 110-x by the DMA 104 as shown. The camera 125may then capture a plurality of frames (e.g., image frames) such asframes left 1 (L1), right 1 (R1), L2, R2, . . . where the right framerefers to frames corresponding to image information of the subject 116which were illuminated by or through the first CMBF-1, and where theleft frame refers to frames corresponding to image information of thesubject 116 which were illuminated by or through the second CMBF-2. Thecamera 125 may embed information into the frames as frame data. Theframe data may include a sequence number (e.g., odd frames are leftframes and even frames are right frames as identified by the system), atime stamp (the time information may identify whether a frame is a rightor a left frame and a position in time of the frame relative to otherframes).

FIG. 5B is a graph 500B illustrating unsynchronized output of the firstand second CMBFs 110-1 and 110-2, respectively, in time in accordancewith embodiments of the present system. The camera's 125 exposure is notsynchronized to the illumination of the CMBFs 110-x by the DMA 104 asshown. The system may employ image recognition techniques to analyzevideo information video out from the camera 125 (e.g., using anysuitable image processing technique and/or applications which may, forexample, use digital signal processing (DSP) methods, etc.), andthereafter form corresponding time delay information (e.g., increase ordecrease time delay), to correct timing and form proper images similarto the images of the synchronized system.

FIG. 5C is a screenshot 500C illustrating a frame captured by the camera125 during unsynchronized operation, such as before any delayadjustment, and includes distortions at the top of the figure shown byarrows which include undesired rows that captured from previousillumination conditions. FIG. 5D is a screenshot 500D illustrating aframe captured by the camera 125 during synchronized operation, such ascorrected by a proper delay, for example, determined by imagerecognition of images in different frames and alignment of the imagesfor synchronization. In FIG. 5D, only illumination from a desired timeperiod is captured, thus eliminating the undesired distortion shown byarrows in FIG. 5C.

Although feedback-based synchronization methods are described, in yetother embodiments the system may synchronize without using a feedbackbased signal. For example, the DMA 104 may transmit a signal (e.g., apattern, a color, etc.) which the camera may use to synchronize with theDMA 104.

Referring back to FIG. 1, in accordance with embodiments, of the presentsystem, the image processing portion 118 may include first and secondprocessing portions PP1 (readout) and PP2 (trigger), respectively. Eachof these processing portions PP1 and PP2 may have microcontroller suchas an Arduino™ microcontroller with a high-precision clock and operatein accordance with operating instructions of embodiments of the presentsystem so as to perform operations in accordance with routines and/ormethods of embodiments of the present system. The second processingportion PP2 may be referred to as a trigger portion (as it generates andtransmits the trigger signal (e.g., Vsync+Δt) and may receive the Vsyncsignal and/or the timing information from the camera 125. The firstprocessing portion (PP1) may process captured image (e.g., see, FIGS. 5Aand 5B), and results of the processing may then be used to control delayof the trigger signal. As the Vsync signal is generated after exposure(e.g., by the camera for a captured image frame) has started, a signaldelay time Δt may be determined and added to the Vsync so as to properlycontrol timing of the trigger signal.

Once the DMA 104 and the camera 125 are synchronized, the illuminationand image capture may be considered to be synchronized.

A schematic flow diagram of a portion of an endoscopic system 200(hereinafter system for the sake of clarity) according to embodiments ofthe present system is shown in FIG. 2. The system 200 is essentiallysimilar to the system 100 shown in FIG. 2. However, rather than usingthe source 101 having a lens array 126, an integrated source 201 iscoupled to a lens array 226. The source 226 includes a commerciallyavailable light projector (e.g., a DLP projector) such as available fromDLP™ LightCommander™ from Texas Instruments, and is coupled to the lensarray 226 which is similar to the lens array 126. As the combination ofthe source 201 and the lens array 226 includes similar inputs (e.g.,trigger and control) and operates similarly to the source 101, a furtherdiscussion thereof will not be provided for the sake of brevity. Thelight projector may receive a control signal (control) from thecontroller and/or video processor) and may control an output spectrumand/or intensity accordingly. The control signal may be generated inaccordance with feedback information obtained from one or more sensorsand/or from analysis of the video output of the camera 125.

2. Filterless Methods

A schematic flow diagram of a portion of an endoscopic system 300(hereinafter system for the sake of clarity) using a filterless methodaccording to embodiments of the present system is shown in FIG. 3. Thesystem 300 includes one or more of an illumination portion including alight source 102, a first optics portion 304, a dispersive optics 306, asecond optics portion 308, a DMA 310, an integrator 112 also referred toas a integrating rod or a homogenizing rod, and a light guide 114. Thesource 102 may output multi-spectral light such as broadband light whichis input to the first optics portion 304 which collimates, focuses anddirects the broadband light upon a prism 307 of the dispersive optics306. The system 300 may be similar to the system 100 accordingly,similar numerals have been used to describe the same or similar portionsand detailed descriptions of these portions will not be given for thesake of clarity. However unlike the system 100, the system 300 does notemploy the use of filters, such as the CMBFs of system 100. Rather, thesystem 300 employs the user of the dispersive optics 306 (e.g., adispersive optical element) such as a prism 307, grating, etc., toseparate the wavelengths of input light (e.g., the broadband light)spatially to form spatially separated illumination. The spatiallyseparated illumination (e.g., having a spread illumination spectrum asshown at 319) is then focused by the second optics portion 308 whichimages the spatially-dispersed illumination upon the DMA 310. Then, theDMA 310, under the control of the controller 122, selectively passes adesired spectrum of light (of a plurality of spectrums) from thespatially separated illumination to integrator 112 for transmission to,and illumination of, the subject 116. The integrating rod 112 uses totalinternal reflection to homogenize any non-uniform light.

As methods used to capture video images of the subject 116, imageprocessing (e.g., DSP), timing, etc., may be performed similarly to themethods used with respect to the description of the systems shown anddescribed with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2. Illustratively, the DMA may beconfigured to operate for hyperspectral imaging and/or CMBFStereo-imaging. For example, taking the ROYGBIV of the diagram as astarting point, assume the DMA has 7 rows which pass light as follows:Row 1 passes R; Row 2 passes O; Row 3 passes Y; Row 4 passes G; Row 5passes B; Row 6 passes I; and Row 7 passes V. For hyperspectral imaging:turn rows on sequentially to measure a 7-color (ROYGBIV) image of thescene instead of traditional 3 color (RGB). This can be extended to anN-color image where N is the number of addressable rows of the DMA. ForCMBF Stereo-imaging: further CMBF filters 110-3 and 110-4 are used, alsoreferred to as pupil CMBs filters 110-3, 110-4. Assuming the first orright CMBF 110-3 passes (R Y B V) and the second or left CMBF 110-4passes (O G I), then a time series would be alternating frames of (1, 3,5, 7) and (2, 4, 6).

Image Reconstruction

Referring back to FIG. 1, an image processor such as a video graphicsprocessor (e.g., the PP1) may process frames of the video output signalfrom the camera 125 and reconstruct corresponding stereoscopic imagescaptured by the camera 125. In accordance with a first method, the videooutput signal containing the left and right frames may be demultiplexedand thereafter rendered on the display 121. Accordingly, the imageprocessor may obtain frame information identifying a frame, such as asequence number a time stamp, etc., for each frame of a plurality offrames from the video output information. Thereafter, the imageprocessor may interleave right and left frames together. This process isshown in FIG. 6A which is a graph 600A of frames 602 of the video outputsignal in time in accordance with embodiments of the present system. Theright (Rx) and left (Lx) frames from the video output signal output bythe camera 125 are shown in the top row 604 and may be referred to as aninput data stream. The video processor then separates these frames intoa right data stream 606 and a left data stream 608 each having aplurality of right or left frames, respectively. With reference toframes L1, L2, and L3 in the left data stream 608, spaces between theseframes may be referred to as empty spaces (Ø) and may be filled in bythe image processor. The image processor may now fill in empty spacesbetween adjacent frames (e.g., L1 and L2, L2 and L3, . . . ; R1 and R2,R2 and R3, . . . ) using one or more filling techniques in accordancewith embodiments of the present system. These fill techniques mayinclude, for example: (a) a half data rate fill technique; (b) a doublewrite frame technique; and (c) an interpolation technique. Thesetechniques will be explained with reference to FIGS. 6B-6D. In each ofthese figures, the input data stream is assumed to be the same.

With regard to the half data rate fill technique, a data rate of thevideo output stream is halved by the image processor thus, for example,if the video output is a 1080p60 data stream, the image processor wouldconvert this data stream to a 1080p30 data stream, and thus, effectivelyfill in the empty spaces in the left and right data streams. FIG. 6B isa graph 600B illustrating the half data rate fill technique inaccordance with embodiments of the present system.

With regard to the double write frame fill technique, in this techniqueeach frame of the input data steam is repeated to fill an adjacent emptyspace. For example, each right and left frame is repeated so as to fillin the empty spaces in the left and right data streams (c f. FIGS. 6Aand 6C). This is better illustrated with reference to FIG. 6C which is agraph 600C illustrating the double data rate fill technique inaccordance with embodiments of the present system.

With regard to the interpolation technique, in this technique adjacentframes of each frame of the corresponding right or left input data steamare used to interpolate and fill empty space between these adjacentframes in the corresponding right or left data stream. This is betterillustrated with reference to FIG. 6D, which is a graph 600Dillustrating the interpolation technique in accordance with embodimentsof the present system.

Illumination Control

Referring once again to FIG. 1, the camera may capture video images ofthe subject 116 (e.g., an object of interest) which is illuminated inaccordance with embodiments of the present system. The illumination ofthe subject 116 may be controlled so as to properly illuminate thesubject 116. Accordingly, the video information may be tagged withillumination spectrum information that is used to correct the raw imagedata. For example, a measured value of a light sensor output ismonitored and, if the illumination is determined to be less than athreshold illumination value, the process may control the source 102 toincrease illumination output. Conversely, if the illumination isdetermined to be greater than the threshold illumination value, theprocess may control the source 102 to decrease illumination output.Lastly, if the illumination is determined to be equal to (orsubstantially equal to) the threshold illumination value, the processmay control the source 102 to hold the current the illumination output.For example, a measured value of a light sensor output is monitored. Ifthe average value is below a first predetermined value (e.g., 10% offull scale), the output of the light source is increased. If the averagevalue is above a second predetermined (e.g., 90% of full scale), thenthe output of the light source is decreased. This is to avoidunderexposure and overexposure in photography terms.

The tagging of the video information with illumination information maybe performed by the first processing portion PP1 that may read a currentstate of the illumination of the received video information. Twoprocessing portions are used to avoid switching instability which may becaused by latency of a computer-processing board connection(s).Accordingly, the first processing portion PP1 may operate at a slowswitching speed, such as 25 MHz, while the second processing portion PP2may operate at a native clock speed, such as 16 MHz. However, in yetother embodiments, a single processor may be employed.

However, in yet other embodiments, an image processor such as an Nvidia™Quadro™ SDI, or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) may process thevideo information and form corresponding image information and/ordetermine timing of the system.

Color Control

In accordance with embodiments of the present system, the imageprocessor may apply a standard or user defined color space conversionmatrix to the video output stream, or may load an identity matrix andleave the color space unaltered, such as using a Chromatic AdaptationTransform (CAT), and/or digital imaging processing operations (DIP) tofind a transformation matrix, to provide color correction as describedabove. A processor of the image processing portion 118 may carry out DIPoperations to find the transformation matrix, such as by assigningcoordinates to the CMBF-filtered and unfiltered colors and putting themin matrices. Then, DIP equates the two and inverses the CMBF matrix andmultiplies the CMBF matrix on both the side.

Image Processing

The digital image processing operations (DIP) include manipulatingimages to gain any kind of useful information. Digital image processingmay include operations that assign coordinates to individual elements inan image so that mathematics can be applied to extract usefulinformation. For example, DIP can count many beans in the image, candetect a certain shape, or can calculate a speed of a moving object,etc.

In yet other embodiments of the present system, there is disclosed adesign tool which simulates the all parts of the optical system and maydetermine characteristics of illumination sources (e.g., outputspectrum, lumens, etc.) and/or CMBF filters (e.g. passbands, layers,etc.). The design tool may include a process which starts by usingmeasured or simulated illumination spectrum from a light source. Thisspectrum is then passed through a hypothetical filter transmissionspectrum. The resultant light is then used to calculate what a standardcolor checker chart (Munsell) would look like under the hypotheticalillumination. This is then passed through the measured camera imagerspectral response to determine the RAW values of the image. Then a colorcorrection algorithm is employ to map the measured values as closely tothe true values of the color checker chart. Finally, standardInternational Commission on Illumination (CIE) color accuracy metricsare computed to determine the error in ‘Lab’ or ‘Luv’ color space todetermine the overall performance of the system, where ‘L’ is thelightness dimension and ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘u’, ‘v’ are color componentdimensions. While there are other color spaces, the uniquecharacteristic about Lab color space is that the space is flat,“perceptually uniform.” Perceptually uniform means that a change of thesame amount in a color value should produce a change of about the samevisual importance. In this space, the color difference between twocolors is simply a geodesic difference between two points in the colorspace, sqrt(x²+y²+z²) or sqrt (L²+a²+b²), where ‘sqrt’ is a square rootoperation.

These error values are computed for all colors on the chart, and theresults from these simulations are compared afterwards. These values canbe used to find the filter transmission that has the best overallperformance. This data is used in specify the filter transmission tovendors. When vendors return their best estimate of their filtertransmission, then it is verified that the performance has not beensignificantly degraded before moving forward on custom filterfabrication. Additionally, under fixed optical conditions, the relativeperformance of different color correction techniques is evaluated andthe algorithm is selected that has the best performance within thesystem constraints of computing power and sensor noise.

Image Exposure Timing

When a frame (e.g., see, L1, L2, R1, R2, . . . etc.) is captured, it isread row-by-row with a gap in exposure times (between each row) given byΔt_(row) as defined in equation 1 below:Δt _(row) =t _(frame) /N _(rows)=1/30 sec/400=83.3 μsec  Eq. (1)

where t_(frame) is an exposure time for a corresponding frame (1/30 secin the present example) and N_(rows) is a number of rows in the frame(400 in the present example, although other number of rows such as 1080rows are also envisioned). Accordingly, if each row has an exposure timet_(exp), a timing diagram for frames having N rows would look like thatshown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Row Start Time End Time 0 0 t_(exp) 1 t_(row) t_(exp) + t_(row)2 2t_(row) t_(exp) + 2t_(row) . . . . . . N Nt_(row) t_(exp) + Nt_(row)

If flat illumination is assumed, i.e., the magnitude of illumination isconstant in time, even if the system is switched from one illuminationcondition to another arbitrarily fast (e.g., by the DMA), some of therows of a previous frame may be exposed during the readout of the firstrows of the current frame. The rows may receive undesirable light fortimes {t_(row), 2t_(row), . . . , t_(row) (( )−1)}. This may manifestitself as crosstalk, where part of a left image frame appears in theright image frame or vice versa (e.g., see, FIG. 5B). Even whenperfectly synchronized, there may be a limit on the crosstalk C, imposedby the exposure time given by:

$\quad\begin{matrix}{C = {\left( {{undesirable}\mspace{14mu}{illumination}}\; \right)/\left( {{total}\mspace{14mu}{illumination}}\; \right)}} \\{= {\left( {\left( {1/2} \right)*{t_{row}\left( {t_{\exp}/t_{row}} \right)}\left( {\left( {t_{\exp}/t_{row}} \right) - 1} \right)} \right)/\left( {t_{\exp}*N_{rows}} \right)}} \\{= {\left( {\left( {t_{\exp}/t_{row}} \right) - 1} \right)/\left( {2*N_{rows}} \right)}}\end{matrix}$

Embodiments of the present system may run in the limit on no crosstalk(texp=trow) with sufficient illumination and may depend on the losses inthe optical systems and sensitivity of an imager used. The necessaryexposure time may also depend on external factors, such as the allowablelight flux to a patient to avoid undesirable heating and the field ofview of an imaging system used.

Flat Illumination, Realistic Switching

In practice, the switching speed between different illuminationconditions cannot be ignored and may be reduced (e.g., minimized) byusing a Digital Micromirror Array (DMA) (also referred to as a DigitalMicromirror Device (DMD)) In a DMA/DMD module of embodiments of thepresent system (e.g., a DLP LightCommander™, Logic PD) a maximum refreshrate is 5000 Hz, or t_(refresh)=200 μs. However, there is no need torapidly switch back and forth between illumination conditions sincelighting paths (e.g., path 1 CMBF-1 and light path 2 CMBF-2) are onlybeing changed once per frame. Accordingly, a more relevant figure ofmerit in this case is an actual ON-OFF transition time for a DMA, whichis on order 5 μs, or as a fraction of the row time,t_(ON)−_(OFF)/t_(row)=6%. This implies that we can switch within asingle row read time if the DMA is sufficiently synchronized with theimager (assuming, for example, the system is only limited by the jitterin the timing signal or other delays in the electronics). Additionally,even at full sensitivity, there will be Poisson noise from the photons.Given the sensor sensitivity, a full well may be estimated to beapproximately 1000 e−, which implies a noise of 1/√{square root over(1000)}=3.16%. Thus, the system may be within a factor of two of thisintrinsic noise floor.

FIG. 7 shows a graph of a correction matrix in accordance withembodiments of the present system. Raw information from the video outsignal may be processed using any suitable processing methods such as aBradford transformation.

FIG. 8 shows graphs 800A though 800D illustrating an application of aBradford Matrix in accordance with embodiments of the present system.For example, the Bradford Matrix is used to determine a theoreticalcorrection, where predicted measures values are generated based on theillumination condition, and the difference from a reference colorchecker chart is computed.

FIG. 9 shows a graph 900 illustrating error reduction after Bradfordcorrection in accordance with embodiments of the present system.

FIG. 10 shows a graph 1000 of a histogram of error of left filterswithout chromatic adaptation in accordance with embodiments of thepresent system.

FIGS. 11A-C shows graphs 1100A through 1100C of spectral curves forerror correction in accordance with embodiments of the present system.

FIG. 12 shows graphs 12001 through 1200E illustrating an errorcorrection method in accordance with embodiments of the present system.Results are shown in Table 1200F.

FIG. 13 shows a schematic flow diagram 1300 of an image capture pipelinesystem available from Nvidia™ that may be used to capture 3D images foruse along with the illumination systems in accordance with the presentembodiments.

FIG. 14 shows a portion of a system 1400 (e.g., peer, server, etc.) inaccordance with an embodiment of the present system. For example, aportion of the present system may include a processor 1410 operationallycoupled to a memory 1420, a display 1430, RF transducers 1460, acamera/sensors 1490, and a user input device 1470. The memory 1420 maybe any type of device for storing application data as well as other datarelated to the described operation. The application data and other dataare received by the processor 1410 for configuring (e.g., programming)the processor 1410 to perform operation acts in accordance with thepresent system. The processor 1410 so configured becomes a specialpurpose machine or processor particularly suited for performing inaccordance with embodiments of the present system.

The operation acts may include configuring an endoscopic imaging systemby, for example, controlling one or more of a position of an imagingportion, the camera/sensors 1490, and/or the actuators 1460. Thecamera/sensors may provide information to the processor 1410 such asimage information (in 2D or 3D), temperature information, positioninformation, etc. The actuators 1460 may be controlled to position thecamera in a desired orientation, turn the camera on/off, and/or toprovide illumination to a volume of interest (VOI) so that the cameramay capture images. The processor 1410 may receive the image informationfrom the camera, and may render the image information on, for example, auser interface (UI) of the present system such as on the display 1430.Further, the processor 1410 may store the image information in a memoryof the system such as the memory 1420 for later use.

The user input 1470 may include a joystick, a keyboard, a mouse, atrackball, or other device, such as a touch-sensitive display, which maybe stand alone or be a part of a system, such as part of a personalcomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a monitor,a smart or dumb terminal or other device for communicating with theprocessor 1410 via any operable link. The user input device 1470 may beoperable for interacting with the processor 1410 including enablinginteraction within a UI as described herein. Clearly the processor 1410,the memory 1420, display 1430, and/or user input device 1470 may all orpartly be a portion of a computer system or other device such as aclient and/or server.

The methods of the present system are particularly suited to be carriedout by a computer software program, such program containing modulescorresponding to one or more of the individual steps or acts describedand/or envisioned by the present system. Such program may of course beembodied in a computer-readable medium, such as an integrated chip, aperipheral device or memory, such as the memory 1420 or other memorycoupled to the processor 1410.

The program and/or program portions contained in the memory 1420configure the processor 1410 to implement the methods, operational acts,and functions disclosed herein. The memories may be distributed, forexample between the clients and/or servers, or local, and the processor1410, where additional processors may be provided, may also bedistributed or may be singular. The memories may be implemented aselectrical, magnetic or optical memory, or any combination of these orother types of storage devices. Moreover, the term “memory” should beconstrued broadly enough to encompass any information able to be readfrom or written to an address in an addressable space accessible by theprocessor 1410. With this definition, information accessible through anetwork is still within the memory, for instance, because the processor1410 may retrieve the information from the network for operation inaccordance with the present system.

The processor 1410 is operable for providing control signals and/orperforming operations in response to input signals from the user inputdevice 1470 as well as in response to other devices of a network andexecuting instructions stored in the memory 1420. The processor 1410 maybe an application-specific or general-use integrated circuit(s).Further, the processor 1410 may be a dedicated processor for performingin accordance with the present system or may be a general-purposeprocessor wherein only one of many functions operates for performing inaccordance with the present system. The processor 1410 may operateutilizing a program portion, multiple program segments, or may be ahardware device utilizing a dedicated or multi-purpose integratedcircuit. While the present system has been described with a reference toa gesture input system for manipulating a computer environment, it isalso envisioned that user interaction with and/or manipulation of thecomputer environment may also be achieved using other devices such as amouse, a trackball, a keyboard, a touch-sensitive display, a pointingdevice (e.g., a pen), a haptic device, etc.

Further variations of the present system would readily occur to a personof ordinary skill in the art and are encompassed by the followingclaims. Through operation of the present system, a virtual environmentsolicitation is provided to a user to enable simple immersion into avirtual environment and its objects.

Finally, the above-discussion is intended to be merely illustrative ofthe present system and should not be construed as limiting the appendedclaims to any particular embodiment or group of embodiments. Thus, whilethe present system has been described with reference to exemplaryembodiments, it should also be appreciated that numerous modificationsand alternative embodiments may be devised by those having ordinaryskill in the art without departing from the broader and intended spiritand scope of the present system as set forth in the claims that follow.In addition, the section headings included herein are intended tofacilitate a review but are not intended to limit the scope of thepresent system. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to beregarded in an illustrative manner and are not intended to limit thescope of the appended claims.

The section headings included herein are intended to facilitate a reviewbut are not intended to limit the scope of the present system.Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in anillustrative manner and are not intended to limit the scope of theappended claims.

In interpreting the appended claims, it should be understood that:

a) the word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of other elementsor acts than those listed in a given claim;

b) the word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude thepresence of a plurality of such elements;

c) any reference signs in the claims do not limit their scope;

d) several “means” may be represented by the same item or hardware orsoftware implemented structure or function;

e) any of the disclosed elements may be comprised of hardware portions(e.g., including discrete and integrated electronic circuitry), softwareportions (e.g., computer programming), and any combination thereof;

f) hardware portions may be comprised of one or both of analog anddigital portions;

g) any of the disclosed devices or portions thereof may be combinedtogether or separated into further portions unless specifically statedotherwise;

h) no specific sequence of acts or steps is intended to be requiredunless specifically indicated; and

i) the term “plurality of” an element includes two or more of theclaimed element, and does not imply any particular range of number ofelements; that is, a plurality of elements may be as few as twoelements, and may include an immeasurable number of elements.

What is claimed is:
 1. An endoscopic illumination system forilluminating a subject for stereoscopic image capture, the illuminationsystem comprising: a light source which outputs multi-spectral light;first and second light paths configured to transmit the multi-spectrallight; a digital mirror array (DMA) which receives the multi-spectrallight and directs the multi-spectral light to a selected one of thefirst and second light paths; a controller which controls the DMA todirect the multi-spectral light to the selected light path in accordancewith a time-multiplexing scheme; a first complementary multibandbandpass filter (CMBF) and a second CMBF, the first CMBF being situatedin the first light path and the second CMBF being situated in the secondlight path, wherein the first CMBF and the second CMBF filter themulti-spectral light incident thereupon to output filtered light; and acamera which captures video images of the subject and generatescorresponding video information and a synchronization signal, the videoinformation including a plurality of left and right image frameinformation, wherein the camera receives light reflected from thesubject passing through a pupil CMBF pair and a detection lens, whereinthe pupil CMBF pair includes a first pupil CMBF and a second pupil CMBF,the first pupil CMBF being identical to the first CMBF and the secondpupil CMBF being identical to the second CMBF, and wherein the detectionlens includes one unpartitioned section that covers both the first pupilCMBF and a second pupil CMBF, wherein the camera is located at a distalend of an endoscope for capturing the video images of a front view ofthe subject located in front direction of the endoscope, and wherein thecamera is movable to provide a rear view which is opposite to the frontview.
 2. The endoscopic illumination system of claim 1, furthercomprising an optics portion which receives the multi-spectral lightfrom the DMA and collimates the multi-spectral light which is to beincident on a selected CMBF of the first CMBF and the second CMBF. 3.The endoscopic illumination system of claim 1, further comprisingtransport optics which integrates the filtered light from at least oneof the first CMBF and the second CMBF and transmits the filtered lightalong a third light path to illuminate the subject.
 4. The endoscopicillumination system of claim 1, further comprising a synchronizer whichdetermines a delay interval Δt in accordance with the plurality of leftand right image frame information, and generates a trigger signal inaccordance with the synchronization signal and the delay interval Δt foreach of the left and right image frame information.
 5. The endoscopicillumination system of claim 4, wherein the DMA controls timing ofillumination to the selected path of the first and second light paths inaccordance with the trigger signal.
 6. An endoscopic illumination methodfor illuminating a subject for stereoscopic image capture, theillumination method controlled by a controller and comprising acts of:outputting multi-spectral light by a light source; selectively passing,using a digital mirror array (DMA), the multi-spectral light to aselected path of first and second light paths in accordance with atime-multiplexing scheme, the first light path having a firstcomplementary multiband bandpass filter (CMBF) and the second light pathhaving a second CMBF; filtering, by a selected CMBF of the first CMBF orsecond CMBF, the multi-spectral light incident thereon and outputtingfiltered light; illuminating the subject using the filtered light;capturing video images of the subject; and generating correspondingvideo information and a synchronization signal, the video informationincluding a plurality of left and right image frame information, thesynchronization signal corresponding to a start time of an act ofcapturing a left or a right image frame information of the plurality ofleft and right image frame information.
 7. The endoscopic illuminationmethod of claim 6, further comprising acts of: receiving themulti-spectral light passed by the DMA; and collimating themulti-spectral light which is to be incident on the selected first orsecond CMBFs of the optics portion.
 8. The endoscopic illuminationmethod of claim 6, further comprising acts of: integrating the filteredlight from the selected first or second CMBFs; and transmitting thefiltered light along a third light path to illuminate the subject. 9.The endoscopic illumination method of claim 6, further comprising actsof: determining a delay interval Δt in accordance with the plurality ofleft and right image frame information; and generating a trigger signalin accordance with the synchronization signal and the delay interval Δtfor each of the left and right image frames.
 10. The endoscopicillumination method of claim 9, further comprising an act of controllingtiming of illumination to the selected one of the first and second lightpaths in accordance with the trigger signal.
 11. A non-transitorycomputer readable medium embodying computer instructions to controlillumination of a subject for stereoscopic image capture, wherein thecomputer instructions, when executed by a processor, configure theprocessor to control a system for performing the act of: outputting, bya light source, multi-spectral light; selectively passing, using adigital mirror array (DMA), the multi-spectral light to a selected pathof first and second light paths in accordance with a time-multiplexingscheme, the first light path having a first complementary multibandbandpass filter (CMBF) and the second light path having a second CMBF;filtering, by a selected CMBF of the first CMBF and the second CMBF, themulti-spectral light incident on the selected CMBF, and outputtingfiltered light; illuminating the subject using the filtered light;capturing video images of the subject; and generating correspondingvideo information and a synchronization signal, the video informationincluding a plurality of left and right image frame information, thesynchronization signal corresponding to a start time of an act ofcapturing a left or a right image frame.
 12. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 11, wherein the computer instructions furtherconfigure the processor to control the system for performing the act of:receiving the multi-spectral light passed by the DMA; and collimatingthe multi-spectral light which is to be incident on the selected firstor second CMBFs of the optics portion for illuminating the subjectthrough the selected first or second CMBFs for reflection from thesubject and passage through a pupil CMBF pair and a detection lens fordetection by a detector, wherein the pupil CMBF is identical to theselected first or second CMBFs, wherein the pupil CMBF pair includes afirst pupil CMBF and a second pupil CMBF, and wherein the detection lensincludes one section that covers both the first pupil CMBF and a secondpupil CMBF.
 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11,wherein the computer instructions further configure the processor tocontrol the system for performing the act of: integrating the filteredlight from the selected first or second CMBFs; and transmitting thefiltered light along a third light path to illuminate the subject. 14.The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein thecomputer instructions further configure the processor to control thesystem for performing the act of: determining a delay interval Δt inaccordance with the plurality of left and right image frame information;and generating a trigger signal in accordance with the synchronizationsignal and the delay interval Δt for each of the left and right imageframes.
 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14,wherein the computer instructions further configure the processor tocontrol the system for performing the act of controlling timing ofillumination to the selected path of the first or the second light pathsin accordance with the trigger signal.
 16. An endoscopic illuminationsystem for illuminating a subject for stereoscopic image capture, theillumination system comprising: a light source which outputsmulti-spectral light; a dispersive optical element which spatiallyseparates wavelengths of the multi-spectral light; a digital mirrorarray (DMA) which receives the spatially separated wavelengths andpasses selected wavelengths of the spatially separated wavelengths to alight path; and a controller which controls the DMA to pass the selectedwavelengths in accordance with a time-multiplexing scheme; and a camerawhich captures video images of the subject and generates correspondingvideo information and a synchronization signal, the video informationincluding a plurality of left and right image frame information, whereinthe camera receives light reflected from the subject passing through apupil complementary multiband bandpass filter (CMBF) pair and adetection lens, wherein the pupil CMBF pair includes a first pupil CMBFand a second pupil CMBF, wherein the detection lens includes oneunpartitioned section that covers both the first pupil CMBF and a secondpupil CMBF, wherein the camera is located at a distal end of anendoscope for capturing the video images of a front view of the subjectlocated in a front direction of the endoscope, and wherein the camera ismovable to provide a further view which is different from the frontview.
 17. The endoscopic illumination system of claim 16, wherein thedispersive optical element comprises a prism or a grating.
 18. Anendoscopic system for illuminating a subject for stereoscopic imagecapture, the illumination system comprising: a processor; and a memoryoperatively coupled to the processor, wherein the processor isconfigured to: cause a light source to output multi-spectral light;cause a digital mirror array (DMA) to selectively pass themulti-spectral light to a selected path of first and second light pathsin accordance with a time-multiplexing scheme, the first light pathhaving a first complementary multiband bandpass filter (CMBF) and thesecond light path having a second CMB for filtering, by a selected CMBFof the first CMBF or second CMBF, the multi-spectral light incidentthereon and outputting filtered light for illuminating the subject usingthe filtered light; cause a camera to capture video images of thesubject; and cause generation of corresponding video information and asynchronization signal, the video information including a plurality ofleft and right image frame information, the synchronization signalcorresponding to a start time of an act of capturing a left or a rightimage frame information of the plurality of left and right image frameinformation.
 19. The endoscopic system of claim 18, further comprisingan optics portion which receives the multi-spectral light from the DMAand collimates the multi-spectral light which is to be incident on aselected CMBF of the first CMBF and the second CMBF.
 20. The endoscopicsystem of claim 18, further comprising transport optics which integratesthe filtered light from at least one of the first CMBF and the secondCMBF and transmits the filtered light along a third light path toilluminate the subject.